Introduction

What is Pyde?

Pyde is a Layer 1 blockchain built greenfield to deliver four properties no chain in production combines today:

1. Post-quantum cryptography by default — FALCON-512 signatures, Kyber-768 threshold encryption, Poseidon2 hashing
2. MEV resistance by structure — threshold-encrypted mempool + commit-before-reveal ordering + DAG consensus eliminates proposer extraction
3. Sub-second finality — Mysticeti-style DAG consensus, ~500ms median finality
4. Commodity decentralization — modest hardware for validators not currently on the active committee; equal voting power within the active committee

The execution layer is WebAssembly via wasmtime, with Cranelift ahead-of-time compilation and a hybrid parallel scheduler combining Solana-style declared access lists with Aptos-style Block-STM speculation. Smart contracts can be authored in Rust, AssemblyScript, Go (TinyGo), or C/C++ — whatever language the team already uses — and bundled by the otigen developer toolchain.

Cross-chain interactions — calling functions on other chains, querying oracles, off-chain compute — happen through a permissionless parachain layer (post-mainnet) with operators who stake PYDE and earn gas fees from contracts that call them. No custodial multisigs, no auctioned slots.

The Pivots

Pyde has gone through two clean pivots that materially changed the architecture. Both are documented honestly in the preface (The Pivot) and supported by full historical design records in pivot/.

• Consensus pivot — from an in-house HotStuff variant (whose 400ms tail-latency wedges proved structural rather than tunable) to Mysticeti-style DAG consensus. The HotStuff-era consensus crates are archived; the Mysticeti-based rebuild is in progress.
• Execution pivot — from a custom virtual machine (pyde-vm), a custom AOT compiler (pyde-aot), and a custom language (Otigen) to WebAssembly via wasmtime. The Otigen name lives on as the developer toolchain (otigen). The original Otigen Book is preserved as a historical artifact.

This book reflects the post-pivot architecture. The work that preceded each pivot is preserved both in code (archive/) and in design documentation (pivot/).

Why a New Layer 1?

The Quantum Problem

Every major Layer 1 in production today — Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Cardano, Polkadot — uses classical cryptography (secp256k1, Ed25519, BLS12-381) vulnerable to Shor's algorithm. NIST's 2024 standardization of FALCON, ML-DSA, and ML-KEM unblocked post-quantum primitives, but retrofitting them into a live chain is a multi-year coordinated migration. Pyde ships PQ at genesis without retrofitting.

The MEV Problem

Maximum Extractable Value has hardened into a multi-billion-dollar tax paid by retail users to validator-builder coalitions. Sandwich attacks, front-running, and proposer extraction are not bugs — they are structural consequences of public mempools and single-proposer block production. Pyde eliminates the structural conditions via threshold encryption + commit-before-reveal + DAG consensus (no single proposer to exploit).

The Decentralization Problem

Chains optimizing for throughput have ended up requiring datacenter-class validator hardware. Chains optimizing for decentralization have ended up with throughput unusable for serious applications. Pyde scales hardware requirements by role — commodity for validators awaiting committee selection, modest professional for validators on the active committee at production targets, datacenter only for aspirational TPS levels.

What's New (Post-Pivot)

• Mysticeti DAG consensus replaces HotStuff. No view changes, no single proposer, sub-second commit latency targeted (implementation in progress)
• WebAssembly execution via wasmtime, with Cranelift AOT. Smart contracts written in Rust, AssemblyScript, Go, or C/C++ — same language ecosystem authors already work in
• Worker / Primary split (Narwhal pattern) for data dissemination separate from consensus
• Hybrid execution scheduler — static access lists for known patterns, Block-STM for dynamic
• JMT state tree (Jellyfish Merkle Tree, radix-16) replaces fixed-depth SMT — with dual Blake3 + Poseidon2 roots so standard light clients and future ZK light clients verify against the same tree
• PIP-2 clustered slot keys + PIP-3 prefetch + PIP-4 write-back cache — three-layer state performance stack
• Encryption opt-in per-tx — MEV protection where needed, no overhead where not
• otigen developer toolchain — zero-extra-code authoring: write contract logic + otigen.toml, the tool handles everything else
• Honest performance targets — 10-30K TPS realistic v1, validated by multi-region performance harness
• Phased mainnet plan — external audit + incentivized testnet before launch (see Roadmap)

Honest Status

This book describes designed architecture, with implementation in various stages:

Mainnet ships when the implementation is complete, audited, and validated by an incentivized testnet — no public schedule. See the Roadmap for the sequenced plan.

Performance Targets

Validated by multi-region production-realistic harness (mandatory before any external claim):

The HotStuff Lesson: the pre-pivot implementation hit ~4K TPS in practice despite higher claimed targets. Pyde now adopts the "claim 1/3 of measured peak" rule — under-promise, over-deliver. No external TPS claim without harness evidence.

Reading Path

This book is the comprehensive technical reference. Different paths for different audiences:

For a researcher / cryptographer:

1. Chapter 2: Architecture Overview
2. Chapter 6: Consensus (Mysticeti DAG)
3. Chapter 8: Cryptography
4. Chapter 9: MEV Protection
5. Companion: Whitepaper

For an implementer / contributor:

1. Chapter 2: Architecture Overview
2. Chapter 3: Execution Layer (WASM)
3. Chapter 4: State Model
4. Chapter 5: Otigen Toolchain
5. Chapter 11: Account Model
6. Chapter 12: Networking
7. Companion: Architecture (Design Doc)
8. Preface: The Pivot for context on architectural choices

For a validator operator:

1. Chapter 6: Consensus
2. Chapter 7: State Sync & Chain Halt
3. Chapter 16: Security & Threat Model
4. Companions: Validator Lifecycle, Slashing, Chain Halt & Recovery

For an investor / decision-maker:

1. This Introduction
2. Chapter 14: Tokenomics
3. Chapter 19: Launch Strategy
4. Companion: Pitch Deck, Tokenomics Detail

For someone doing security review / audit:

1. Chapter 16: Security & Threat Model
2. Chapter 6: Consensus (safety arguments)
3. Chapter 8: Cryptography
4. Companions: Threat Model, Failure Scenarios, Network Protocol, Performance Harness

License

Pyde is licensed under Apache-2.0. The full text lives in LICENSE at the root of each Pyde repository. The book content is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Status

Living document. Updated as the design evolves.